Smoking Cessation

Smoking Cessation

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Fact Sheets
Adult Data
Cessation and Interventions
Economics
Fast Facts
Health Effects
Secondhand Smoke
Smokeless Tobacco
Specific Populations
Tobacco Industry and Products
Youth and Young Adult Data
Nicotine Dependence
On this Page
Nicotine Dependence
Health Benefits of Cessation
U.S. Smokers' Attempts to Quit
Methods to Quit Smoking
Helpful Resources
References
For Further Information
Nicotine is the psychoactive drug in tobacco products that produces dependence.1,2 Most smokers are dependent on nicotine.3 Nicotine dependence is the most common form of chemical dependence in the United States.3 Research suggests that nicotine is as addictive as heroin, cocaine, or alcohol.4
Quitting tobacco use is difficult and may require multiple attempts;2 users often relapse because of withdrawal symptoms.1,2 Examples of nicotine withdrawal symptoms include—
Irritability
Anxiety
Difficulty concentrating
Increased appetite1
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Tobacco dependence is a chronic condition that often requires repeated intervention.5
Health Benefits of Cessation
Breaking free from nicotine dependence is not the only reason to quit smoking. Cigarette smoke contains at least 250 chemicals known to be toxic or carcinogenic (i.e., cause cancer).6 Cigarette smoke can cause serious health problems, numerous diseases, and death.
Fortunately, people who stop smoking greatly reduce their risk of disease and premature death.7,8 Benefits are greater for people who stop at earlier ages, but cessation is beneficial at all ages.8
Smoking cessation lowers the risk for lung and other types of cancer.7 The risk for developing cancer declines with the number of years of smoking cessation.7,8
Risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease is reduced after smoking cessation.7,8 Coronary heart disease risk is substantially reduced within 1 to 2 years of cessation.8
Smoking cessation reduces respiratory symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. The rate of decline in lung function is slower among persons who quit smoking.7,8
Smoking cessation reduces the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), one of the leading causes of death in the United States.7
Women who stop smoking during their reproductive years reduce their risk for infertility. Women who stop smoking during pregnancy also reduce their risk of having a low birth weight baby.8
U.S. Smokers' Attempts to Quit
Among current U.S. adult smokers, 70% report that they want to quit completely, and millions have attempted to quit smoking.9 In 2007, an estimated 47 million adults (aged 18 years and older) were former smokers.10
50%
of
high school smokers11

stopped smoking for at least 1 day in the past 12 months because they were trying to quit
40%
of
all adult smokers (13 million people)10


53%
of
everyday smokers aged 18–24 years old10


40%
of
everyday smokers aged 25–44 years old10


38%
of
everyday smokers aged 45–64 years old10


25%
of
everyday smokers aged 65 years old and older10


Methods to Quit Smoking
Effective treatments that can increase the chances of successful cessation include:5
Brief clinical interventions (i.e., when a doctor takes 10 minutes or less to deliver advice and assistance about quitting)
Counseling (e.g., individual, group, or telephone counseling)
Behavioral cessation therapies (e.g., training in problem solving)
Treatments with more person-to-person contact and intensity (e.g., more time with counselors)
Cessation medications found to be effective for treating tobacco dependence include:
Over-the-counter and prescription nicotine replacement products (e.g., nicotine gum, inhaler, nasal spray, lozenge, or patch)5
Prescription nonnicotine medications, such as bupropion SR (Zyban®)5 and varenicline tartrate (Chantix®).5,12
The combination of medication and counseling is more effective for smoking cessation than either medication or counseling alone.5
Helpful Resources
Publications
The following CDC publications are helpful cessation resources for public health practitioners, businesses, and organizations. Visit CDC's online publications catalog to order free print copies of these and other cessation-related materials:
A Practical Guide to Working with Health-Care Systems on Tobacco-Use Treatment
Telephone Quitlines: A Resource for Development, Implementation, and Evaluation
Quitline Services
1-800-QUIT-NOW is a free telephone support service that can help individuals who want to stop smoking or using tobacco. Callers have access to several types of cessation information and services, including:
Free support and advice from experienced counselors
A personalized quit plan
Self-help materials
Social support and coping strategies
The latest information about cessation medications
Over-the-counter nicotine replacement medications for eligible participants (in more than half of U.S. states)
Cessation Services
CDC's How to Quit Web pages provide a variety of cessation tips, tools, and resources.
Smokefree.gov is a Website dedicated to helping smokers quit.
References
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction: A Report of the Surgeon General . Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1988 [accessed 2009 Feb 6].
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing Tobacco Use: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2000 [2009 Feb 06].
American Society of Addiction Medicine. Nicotine Dependence and Tobacco (PDF–92 KB). Public Policy of American Society of Addiction Medicine; 1996 [accessed 2009 Feb 06].
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 1994 [accessed 2009 Feb 06].
Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, Dorfman SF, Goldstein MG, Gritz ER, et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update—Clinical Practice Guidelines . Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2008 [accessed 2009 Feb 06].
National Toxicology Program. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition (PDF–220 KB). Research Triangle Park (NC): U.S. Department of Health and Human Sciences, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, 2005 [accessed 2009 Aug 25].
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General . Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 1990 [accessed 2006 Feb 06].
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 2001 [accessed 2009 Feb 6].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—United States, 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report [serial online] 2002;51(29):642–645 [accessed 2009 Feb 06].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—United States, 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report [serial online] 2008;57(45):1221–1226 [accessed 2009 Feb 06].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Youth Online: Comprehensive Results, 2007. [accessed 2009 Feb 06].
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA Approves New Drug for Smoking Cessation . FDA Consumer; July–August 2006 [accessed 2009 Feb 06].